Cent Eur J Public Health 2019, 27(3):188-194 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a5615

Higher prevalence of water pipe compared to cigarette smoking among medical students in Southeast Iran

Masoud Miri-Moghaddam1, Mahnaz Shahrakipour2, Saeed Nasseri3, Ebrahim Miri-Moghaddam4
1 Student Research Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
2 Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oral and Dental Disease Research Centre, Health Faculty, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
3 Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
4 Department. of Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran

Objectives: Smoking of water pipe (WP) and cigarettes has recently turned into a major global health burden. The present study aimed at assessing WP and cigarette smoking among Zahedan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS) students in Iran.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 500 students in ZUMS (182 males, 318 females). The subjects were selected through randomized cluster sampling. Morgan's chart was applied to calculate the sample size; 96.6% of the attendees completed a questionnaire designed to address the aims of the study.

Results: The mean age of the subjects was 21.2 ± 2.4 years. WP and cigarette smoker rates were at 31.2% and 15.2%, respectively. The age of smoking initiation ranged between 15 and 20 years. Friends played crucial roles in triggering the smoking in both groups of WP and cigarette smokers (78% and 54%, respectively). The main reasons for WP and cigarette smoking were entertainment followed by curiosity. Furthermore, males used more cigarette (26.5 vs. 8.7%) and WP (50.6 vs. 20.4%) than females. Among father and mother smokers, respectively, 54.2% and 60% of children were also WP smokers (p = 0.001). Also, 21.9% and 60% of children smoking cigarettes had father and mother smokers, respectively (p = 0.05).

Conclusion: Tobacco use, especially for WP seems to be at alarming rates among medical students in Iran. It is highly recommended to control the progressive prevalence of WP smoking by governmental/academic preventive measures as educational and smoking cessation activities.

Keywords: water pipe, cigarette, smoking, student, university

Received: March 28, 2018; Revised: August 14, 2019; Accepted: August 14, 2019; Published: September 30, 2019  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Miri-Moghaddam M, Shahrakipour M, Nasseri S, Miri-Moghaddam E. Higher prevalence of water pipe compared to cigarette smoking among medical students in Southeast Iran. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2019;27(3):188-194. doi: 10.21101/cejph.a5615. PubMed PMID: 31580552.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. AlSwuailem AS, AlShehri MK, Al-Sadhan S. Smoking among dental students at King Saud University: Consumption patterns and risk factors. Saudi Dent J. 2014 Jul;26(3):88-95. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    2. MPOWER: a policy package to reverse the tobacco epidemic. Geneva: WHO; 2008.
    3. Khabour OF, Alzoubi KH, Eissenberg T, Mehrotra P, Azab M, Carrol MV. Waterpipe tobacco and cigarette smoking among university students in Jordan. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012 Jul;16(7):986-92. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    4. Maziak W, Eissenberg T, Ward KD. Patterns of waterpipe use and dependence: implications for intervention development. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2005 Jan;80(1):173-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    5. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2008: the MPOWER package. Geneva: WHO; 2008.
    6. Alvur MT, Cinar N, Akduran F, Dede C. Fallacies about water pipe use in Turkish university students - what might be the consequences? Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(5):1977-80. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    7. Cobb CO, Sahmarani K, Eissenberg T, Shihadeh A. Acute toxicant exposure and cardiac autonomic dysfunction from smoking a single narghile waterpipe with tobacco and with a "healthy" tobacco-free alternative. Toxicol Lett. 2012 Nov 23;215(1):70-5. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    8. von Rappard J, Schönenberger M, Bärlocher L. Carbon monoxide poisoning following use of a water pipe/hookah. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2014 Oct 3;111(40):674-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. Miri-Moghaddam E, Mirzaei R, Arab MR, Kaikha S. The effects of water pipe smoking on hematological parameters in rats. Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res. 2014 Jul 1;8(3):37-43.
    10. Karaca Y, Eryigit U, Aksut N, Turkmen S. Syncope associated with water pipe smoking. BMJ Case Rep. 2013 Apr 19;2013. pii: bcr2013009526. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    11. Nasseri S, Gurusamy M, Jung B, Lee D, Khang G, Doods H, et al. Kinin B1 receptor antagonist BI113823 reduces acute lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2015 Nov;43(11):e499-507. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    12. Gurusamy M, Nasseri S, Lee H, Jung B, Lee D, Khang G, et al. Kinin B1 receptor antagonist BI113823 reduces allergen-induced airway inflammation and mucus secretion in mice. Pharmacol Res. 2016 Feb;104:132-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. Maziak W, Ward KD, Afifi Soweid RA, Eissenberg T. Tobacco smoking using a waterpipe: a re-emerging strain in a global epidemic. Tob Control. 2004 Dec;13(4):327-33. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    14. Maziak W, Eissenberg T, Rastam S, Hammal F, Asfar T, Bachir ME, et al. Beliefs and attitudes related to narghile (waterpipe) smoking among university students in Syria. Ann Epidemiol. 2004 Oct;14(9):646-54. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. Ghafouri N, Hirsch JD, Heydari G, Morello CM, Kuo GM, Singh RF. Waterpipe smoking among health sciences university students in Iran: perceptions, practices and patterns of use. BMC Res Notes. 2011 Nov 16;4:496. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-496. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    16. Khami MR, Murtomaa H, Razeghi S, Virtanen JI. Smoking and its determinants among Iranian dental students. Med Princ Pract. 2010;19(5):390-4. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    17. Jackson D, Aveyard P. Waterpipe smoking in students: prevalence, risk factors, symptoms of addiction, and smoke intake. Evidence from one British university. BMC Public Health. 2008 May 22;8:174. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-174. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    18. Sabahy AR, Divsalar K, Bahreinifar S, Marzban M, Nakhaee N. Waterpipe tobacco use among Iranian university students: correlates and perceived reasons for use. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011 Jun;15(6):844-7. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    19. Mandil A, BinSaeed A, Ahmad S, Al-Dabbagh R, Alsaadi M, Khan M. Smoking among university students: a gender analysis. J Infect Public Health. 2010 Dec;3(4):179-87. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    20. Akl EA, Gunukula SK, Aleem S, Obeid R, Jaoude PA, Honeine R, et al. The prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking among the general and specific populations: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2011 Apr 19;11:244. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-244. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    21. Maziak W. The global epidemic of waterpipe smoking. Addict Behav. 2011 Jan-Feb;36(1-2):1-5. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    22. WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation. Advisory note: waterpipe tobacco smoking: health effects, research needs and recommended actions by regulators [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2005 [cited 2019 Aug 14]. Available from: https://www.who.int/tobacco/global_interaction/tobreg/Waterpipe%20recommendation_Final.pdf.
    23. Almerie MQ, Matar HE, Salam M, Morad A, Abdulaal M, Koudsi A, et al. Cigarettes and waterpipe smoking among medical students in Syria: a cross-sectional study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2008 Sep;12(9):1085-91. Go to PubMed...
    24. Bejjani N, El Bcheraoui C, Adib SM. The social context of tobacco products use among adolescents in Lebanon (MedSPAD-Lebanon). J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2012 Mar;2(1):15-22. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    25. Kandel DB, Wu P, The Contributions of mothers and fathers to the intergenerational transmission of cigarette smoking in adolescence. J Res Adolesc. 1995;5(2):225-52. Go to original source...
    26. Alzyoud S, Weglicki LS, Kheirallah KA, Haddad L, Alhawamdeh KA. Waterpipe smoking among middle and high school Jordanian students: patterns and predictors. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013 Dec 12;10(12):7068-82. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    27. Jawaid A, Zafar AM, Rehman TU, Nazir MR, Ghafoor ZA, Afzal O, et al. Knowledge, attitudes and practice of university students regarding waterpipe smoking in Pakistan. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2008 Sep;12(9):1077-84. Go to PubMed...
    28. Newbury-Birch D, Lowry RJ, Kamali F. The changing patterns of drinking, illicit drug use, stress, anxiety and depression in dental students in a UK dental school: a longitudinal study. Br Dent J. 2002 Jun 15;192(11):646-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    29. Roohafza H, Sadeghi M, Shahnam M, Bahonar A, Sarafzadegan N. Perceived factors related to cigarette and waterpipe (ghelyan) initiation and maintenance in university students of Iran. Int J Public Health. 2011 Apr;56(2):175-80. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

    Return to the content