Cent Eur J Public Health 2020, 28(3):208-218 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a6149

Fruit and vegetable consumption and cardiovascular diseases among Jordanians: a case-control study

Reema F. Tayyem¹, Ala'a Al-Bakheit², Shatha S. Hammad¹, Abdel-Ellah Al-Shudifat^3,4, Mohammed Azab^3,4, Hiba Bawadi⁵

¹ Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan

² Department of Nutrition and Food Processing, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan

³ Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan

⁴ Prince Hamza Hospital, Amman, Jordan

⁵ College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

Objectives: Fruit and vegetable intake has been reported as one of the significant protective factors against the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This study aimed to assess the possible preventive effect of fruit and vegetable consumption on developing CVD.

Methods: A total of 398 participants (205 cases and 193 controls) referred for elective coronary angiography with clinical suspicion of coronary artery disease to Prince Hamza Hospital in Amman were enrolled in this case-control study. Dietary data were collected separately from each patient using interview-based food frequency questionnaire.

Results: The findings of the present study revealed that a total consumption of 3 servings of vegetable per day decreased significantly the risk of CVD to about 54% (OR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.22-0.97, p = 0.033). Consumption of banana was found to reduce the risk of CVD to about 44% and 62% when consuming 1-2 and 3-6 servings/week, respectively, with p-value for trend 0.004. For the vegetables, the consumption of grape leaves and stuffed vegetables in general was significantly associated with lower risk of CVD. Increasing cauliflower consumption of 1-2 servings per week decreased CVD risk to about 37% (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.38-0.98). Consuming up to 3-6 servings per week of mixed vegetables (OR = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.01-0.83) and onion (OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.22-0.80) revealed an inverse association with CVD development.

Conclusions: Adding to the present evidence, consumption of some fruits and vegetables could be considered as preventive factor against developing CVD. However, the association of consuming vegetables with preventing CVD was higher than the fruit consumption.

Keywords: fruits, vegetables, cardiovascular disease, case-control study

Received: February 21, 2020; Revised: July 31, 2020; Accepted: July 31, 2020; Published: September 30, 2020  Show citation