Cent Eur J Public Health 2020 Oct;28 Suppl:S22-S25 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a6160
Barriers to introduction of smoke-free workplaces in Central Europe: example of the Czech Republic
- 1 Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- 2 Centre for Tobacco Dependence, Third Medical Department, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Objectives: Smoking at the workplace has a negative impact both on employers' economic interests and employees' health. The aim of this study is to describe the current situation, mainly barriers in implementation and resources in the Czech Republic as an example of a Central European country.
Methods: We synthesised relevant review papers with our knowledge of the local situation based upon professional experience of both authors.
Results: Despite smoke-free laws, some EU workers are still exposed to passive smoking during working hours. The main barriers towards smoke-free workplace implementation are the lack of resources, perception of smoking as a norm, and exceptions for leading personalities and their smoking. Social support increases smoking cessation effectiveness. Low availability of local smoking cessation services is an overall problem in Central Europe.
Conclusions: The working environment influences smoking habits. Smoking cessation support is cost-effective not only for the smoking employee but for employers as well. Smoking cessation resources should be available during the working day. No exceptions should be made as they serve as barriers to a smoke-free working environment.
Keywords: smoking, employers, employees, economic, health, smoking cessation
Received: March 1, 2020; Revised: July 26, 2020; Accepted: July 26, 2020; Published: October 18, 2020 Show citation
ACS | AIP | APA | ASA | Harvard | Chicago | Chicago Notes | IEEE | ISO690 | MLA | NLM | Turabian | Vancouver |
References
- Hahn EJ. Smokefree legislation: a review of health and economic outcomes research. Am J Prev Med. 2010;39(6 Suppl 1):S66-76.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Hopkins DP, Razi S, Leeks KD, Kalra GP, Chattopadhyay SK, Soler RE, et al. Smokefree policies to reduce tobacco use: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38(Suppl 2):S275-89.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Olivieri M, Murgia N, Carsin AE, Heinrich J, Benke G, Bono R, et al. Effects of smoking bans on passive smoking exposure at work and at home. The European Community respiratory health survey. Indoor Air. 2019;29(4):670-9.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Act No. 65 on health protection against harmful effects of addictive substances of January 19, 2017. Sbírka zákonů ČR. 2017 Mar 3; Pt 21:671-99. (In Czech.)
- Csémy L, Dvořáková Z, Fialová A, Kodl M, Skývová M. Use of tobacco and alcohol in the Czech Republic in 2018 [Internet]. Prague: NIPH; 2018 [cited 2020 Jul 19]. Available from: http://www.szu.cz/uploads/documents/szu/aktual/uzivani_tabaku_alkoholu_cr_2018.pdf. (In Czech.)
- Stallings-Smith S, Zeka A, Goodman P, Kabir Z, Clancy L. Reductions in cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory mortality following the national Irish smoking ban: interrupted time-series analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e62063. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062063.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Kabir Z, Daly S, Clarke V, Keogan S, Clancy L. Smoking ban and small-for-gestational age births in Ireland. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e57441. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057441.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Fischer F, Kraemer A. Health impact assessment for second-hand smoke exposure in Germany-quantifying estimates for ischaemic heart diseases, COPD, and stroke. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13(2):198. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13020198.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- van Koeverden I, Blanc PD, Bowler RP, Arjomandi M. Secondhand tobacco smoke and COPD risk in smokers: a COPDGene Study Cohort Subgroup Analysis. COPD. 2015;12(2):182-9.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- European Agency for Health and Safety at Work. Tobacco: advice for employers on creating a smoke-free working environment. E-Fact 61 [Internet]. EU-OSHA; 2012 [cited July 19, 2020]. Available from: https://osha.europa.eu/en/tools-and-publications/publications/e-facts/efact-61-tobacco-advice-for-employers-on-creating-a-smoke-free-working-environment/view.
- McDaniel PA, Malone RE. Businesses' voluntary pro-health tobacco policies: a review and research agenda. Tob Control. 2012;21(1):66-72.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Gračková I. Manager from Arcelor Mittal describes how giant company became smoke-free. Totally. An interview [Internet]. Neovlivní.cz; 2015 [cited 2020 Jul 19]. Available from: https://neovlivni.cz/manazer-z-arcelor-mittal-popisuje-jak-se-v-obri-firme-prestalo-kourit-uplne/. (In Czech.)
- Wierenga D, Engbers LH, Van Empelen P, Duijts S, Hildebrandt VH, Van Mechelen W, et al. What is actually measured in process evaluations for worksite health promotion programs: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:1190. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1190.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Bell K, McCullough L, Devries K, Jategaonkar N, Greaves L, Richardson L, et al. Location restrictions on smoking: assessing their differential impacts and consequences in the workplace. Can J Public Health. 2009;100(1):46-50.
Go to original source...
- Wolfenden L, Goldman S, Stacey FG, Grady A, Kingsland M, Williams CM, et al. Strategies to improve the implementation of workplace-based policies or practices targeting tobacco, alcohol, diet, physical activity and obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;2018(11):CD012439. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012439.pub2.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Attitudes of Europeans towards tobacco and electronic cigarettes. Special Eurobarometer 458 [Internet]. European Union; 2017 [cited 2002 Jul 19]. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2146.
- Troelstra SA, Coenen P, Boot CR, Harting J, Kunst AE, Van der Beek A, et al. Smoking and sickness absence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2020;46(1):5-18.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Lundborg P. Does smoking increase sick leave? Evidence using register data on Swedish workers. Tob Control. 2007;16(2):114-8.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Jepson RG, Harris FM, Platt S, Tannahill C. The effectiveness of interventions to change six health behaviours: a review of reviews. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:538. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-538.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Leeks KD, Hopkins DP, Soler RE, Aten A, Chattopadhyay SK; Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Worksite-based incentives and competitions to reduce tobacco use: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38(Suppl 2):S263-74.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Zhou L, Niu L, Jiang H, Jiang C, Xiao S. Facilitators and barriers of smokers' compliance with smoking bans in public places: a systematic review of quantitative and qualitative literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13(12):1228.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Perdikaris P, Kletsiou E, Gymnopoulou E, Matziou V. The relationship between workplace, job stress and nurses' tobacco use: a review of the literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010;7(5):2362-75.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- World Health Organization. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Geneva: WHO; 2005.
- Zvolská K, Králíková E. Centers for Tobacco-Dependent in the Czech Republic in 2016. Cas Lek Cesk. 2017;156(1):19-23. (In Czech.)
Go to PubMed...
- Mujika A, Arantzamendi M, Lopez-Dicastillo O, Forbes A. Health professionals' personal behaviours hindering health promotion: a study of nurses who smoke. J Adv Nurs. 2017;73(11):2633-41.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Rezk-Hanna M, Sarna L, Petersen AB, Wells M, Nohavova I, Bialous S, et al. Attitudes, barriers and facilitators to smoking cessation among Central and Eastern European nurses: a focus group study. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2018;35:39-46.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Králíková E, Felbrová V, Kulovaná S, Malá K, Nohavová I, Roubíčková E, et al. Nurses' attitudes toward intervening with smokers: their knowledge, opinion and e-learning impact. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2016;24(4):272-5.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Shumova Z. In 2018, Prague hygienists imposed fines for 82,000 crowns as a part of the anti-smoking law [Internet]. Prague: Department of Hygiene of the Capital Town Prague; 2019 [cited 2020 Jul 19]. Available from: http://www.hygpraha.cz/dokumenty/kontroly-zakona-c--65-2017--o-ochrane-zdravi-pred-skodlivymi-ucinky-navykovych-latek--v-obdobi-od-1--1--2018-do-31--12--2018-4145_4145_161_1.html. (In Czech.)
- Burns ME, Rosenberg MA, Fiore MC. Use and employer costs of a pharmacotherapy smoking-cessation treatment benefit. Am J Prev Med. 2007;32(2):139-42.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Gollust SE, Schroeder SA, Warner KE. Helping smokers quit: understanding the barriers to utilization of smoking cessation services. Milbank Q. 2008;86(4):601-27.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Fraser KG, Pánková A, Zvolská K, Králíková E. FCTC implementation: the role of state or non-government organizations? An example of the Czech Republic. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2019;27(3):175-81.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Sy DK; Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance, editors. Anti-corruption and Tobacco Control [Internet]. Bangkok: SEATCA; 2017 [cited 2020 Jul 19]. Available from: https://seatca.org/dmdocuments/Anti%20Corruption%20%26%20TC%2016%20November%20FINAL.pdf.